XIX Century: Adam Smith & Karl Marx

The 30 Percent Rule (NL)

The 30 Percent Rule

The 30 Percent Rule is a personal income tax reduction for select employees in the Netherlands. It applies to specialized foreign employees who are brought to the Netherlands because their skills are scarce in the Dutch marketplace. The scarcity of work force with particular skills is reviewed annually "The 30% rule".
The purpose of the 30 Percent Rule to compensate employees for the extra costs of their temporary stay in the Netherlands. The effect is to make the Netherlands competitive in the international marketplace for skilled labour, since normal Dutch income tax rates are high (in comparison with other countries) and may discourage some employees from accepting assignments in the Netherlands.
However, there are consequences for possible future unemployment aid, tax deduction for a mortgage and other benefits.
The 30 Percent Rule allows an employer to exempt from income tax up to 30% of the employee's annual remuneration (the "Basis") and used to be applicable for the first 10 years of their stay in the Netherlands Inkomstenbelasting Wet 2001.
New legislation, is in force from 1 January 2012. By new legislation, period is shorted from 10 years to 8 years, with 5 year transition period. Also, foreign students acquiring PhD in the Netherlands are eligible for 30% ruling, even though they were not hired from abroad "Changes in 30% rule".
The Dutch tax authority allows for two options:

• 30% tax-free is reimbursed based on registered receipts for extraterritorial costs (e.g. maintenance of an own house in the country of origin, travel expenses, relocation costs, language courses, long-distance telephone calls)
• the Dutch tax office can upon an approved application of an employee grant 30% tax exemption on the employees remuneration.

In addition, the employer may provide a tax-free reimbursement of the fees paid for the employee's children to attend an international school.
The Dutch income tax law does not, however, specify, how will the benefit of the 30% rule be divided between the employee and his/her employer. Some employers (e.g. Shell B.V.) have stipulated in their general working conditions that the 30% rule benefit is solely for the benefit of the company arguing that salaries of their local workers would not be on par with their foreign work force.
A similar rule also applies to compensate Dutch employees who are assigned to work in designated developing countries or to the Dutch nationals returning to the Netherlands after a substantial period of living abroad.
Note that it typically takes two to three months from the application for the rule to be granted. The excess tax paid in the meantime is repaid to the applicant once the rule is granted.

See also

• Corporate Tax in the Netherlands
• Taxation in the Netherlands
•  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_Netherlands

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY & History of Economics and Ethics

Scottish philosopher Adam Smith is often cited as the father of modern economics for histreatise The Wealth of Nations (1776).^[1][2] His ideas built upon a considerable body of work from predecessors in the eighteenth century particularly the Physiocrats. His book appeared on the eve of the Industrial Revolution with associated major changes in the economy.^[3]

• 1 Early economic thought
  • 1.1 Aristotle
  • 1.2 Middle Ages
• 2 Mercantilists and nationalism
  • 2.1 Thomas Mun
  • 2.2 Philipp von Hörnigk
  • 2.3 Jean-Baptiste Colbert
• 3 British enlightenment
  • 3.1 John Locke
  • 3.2 Dudley North
  • 3.3 David Hume
  • 3.4 Francis Hutcheson
• 4 The circular flow
• 5 Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations
  • 5.1 Context
  • 5.2 The invisible hand
  • 5.3 Limitations
• 6 Classical political economy
  • 6.1 Jeremy Bentham
  • 6.2 Jean-Baptiste Say
  • 6.3 Thomas Malthus
  • 6.4 David Ricardo
  • 6.5 John Stuart Mill
• 7 Capitalism and Marx
  • 7.1 Context
  • 7.2 Das Kapital
  • 7.3 After Marx
• 8 Neoclassical thought
  • 8.1 Marginal utility
  • 8.2 Mathematical analysis
• 9 Austrian school
  • 9.1 Early Austrian economists
  • 9.2 Ludwig von Mises
  • 9.3 Friedrich von Hayek
  • 9.4 Murray Rothbard
• 10 Depression and reconstruction
  • 10.1 John Maynard Keynes
  • 10.2 The General Theory
  • 10.3 Keynesian economics
• 11 The "American Way"
  • 11.1 Institutionalism
  • 11.2 John Kenneth Galbraith
  • 11.3 Paul Samuelson
  • 11.4 Kenneth Arrow
• 12 Monetarism and the Chicago school
  • 12.1 Ronald Coase
  • 12.2 Milton Friedman
• 13 Global times
  • 13.1 Amartya Sen
  • 13.2 Joseph E. Stiglitz
  • 13.3 Paul Krugman
• 14 Contemporary economic thought

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought.wikipedia.org-History_of_economic_thought

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

Capitalism and Marx

Capitalism and Marx

Main article: Marxian economics

Karl Marx provided a fundamental critique of classical economics, based on the labour theory of value.

Just as the term "mercantilism" had been coined and popularised by its critics, like Adam Smith, so was the term "capitalism" or Kapitalismus used by its dissidents, primarily Karl Marx. Karl Marx (1818–1883) was, and in many ways still remains the pre-eminent socialist economist. His combination of political theory represented in the Communist Manifesto and the dialectic theory of historyinspired by Friedrich Hegel provided a revolutionary critique of capitalism as he saw it in the nineteenth century. The socialist movement that he joined had emerged in response to the conditions of people in the new industrial era and the classical economics which accompanied it. He wrote his magnum opus Das Kapital at the British Museum's library.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought#Capitalism_and_Marx